The Keys to Spelling Success: Part 1

(POST PART 1/3)

I’m often asked, “Why does it seem that my child can read well but struggles with spelling?” The short answer is that reading is a task that requires recognition, but spelling is one that requires production.

The best way for students to learn how to produce a written word is by teaching them about language so that words can be permanently stored in their long-term memories. Students learn best through knowledge of language, not rote memorization.

This means that we cannot supply students with lists we expect to be memorized. We must make learning about language an integral part of spelling instruction to maximize successful outcomes. Spelling instruction should be packed with many key components to grow strong spellers.

Here are three of the ten (the next six coming in upcoming posts) components I ensure to integrate into my spelling instruction.

  1. Phoneme-grapheme correspondence

    This means making sure that students can match a grapheme (one or more letters) with the sound it makes. For example, the short e sound can be represented by the grapheme “e” as in echo or the grapheme “ea” as in bread. An important part of phonemic-grapheme correspondence within spelling is the ability to segment a word or syllable into individual sounds and knowing that each of those sounds is represented by a grapheme. I often use this portable sound wall as a reference to support and discuss phoneme-grapheme relationships. Remember, a phoneme is a sound and a grapheme is one or more letters that represents that phoneme. Some sounds have only one representation while others have many more.

  2. Syllable types

    There are six syllable types: open, closed, magic E, r-controlled, vowel team / diphthong, and consonant + LE. Syllable types matter in spelling because students have to know that each syllable must have a written vowel. When segmenting the sounds of a word — or syllables of a multisyllabic word — it is helpful for students to think about the type of syllable they are writing to ensure the appropriate vowel placement. The word PURPLE is a prime example. If a student segments this word they have to think hard about the two syllable types in order to get the vowel placement accurately. In the first syllable, they will know it’s an r-controlled syllable type and the vowel will come before the R. For the second syllable, they recognize this as a c + le syllable type and know that the two syllables together spell PUR/PLE.

  3. Rules and generalizations

    The English language certainly has its share of rules and generalizations; however, when we explicitly teach them in a systematic and simplified way, they can aid enormously in one’s spelling ability. Some of these rules include each syllable having a vowel, when to use CK vs. K for a final /k/ sound, when to drop a final E, when to double a consonant, and the many hats worn by the silent finale E.

Read Keys 4-6 here.

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Supporting Upper Elementary Readers

I’ll never forget what a colleague of mine told me in my early days of teaching: “Once the kids get to third grade, there isn’t a way to help them figure out a word. You just have to tell them what it is, and then they’ll memorize it.” 🙄

I know, I know. 

This didn’t sit well with me, but I had no authority and little experience with this grade level at the time. What I did, however, was my own detective work to uncover the truth, and to help those students out.

You cannot tell me that once a child is in third grade reading instruction ends, and that there is no way to support these readers to read the longer, multisyllabic words in their chapter books and content texts across curricula.

So what did I do? I watched and listened. I observed the types of words that were stumping these readers. 

Here is what I discovered about most of them:

  • With some of the words, students could have used knowledge of advanced phoneme-grapheme relationships to blend and sound out words. They could have tried different sounds made by the same letter. For example, EA and CH each make three different and unique sounds. 

  •  If students had been provided explicit instruction on syllable types, they could have identified where the division occurs in each word and divide the word into manageable syllables. 

  • They could have isolated the root, base, and affixes, thereby also making the word more manageable to decode. 

10+ years later and I still cringe when I think about that comment, and at the thought of this idea (or rather, lie) being perpetuated — that reading instruction at the intermediate and upper elementary level comes to a halt because the words “can’t be sounded out” like readers are taught to do in K-2.

As students get older and have more advanced texts in their hands, we must move with them and guide them and give them more advanced strategies. It’s no coincidence that this is also the age when students, who once liked to read, avoid it. There is an absence of explicit strategies to support them. It’s now hard. It’s frustrating. It’s no longer enjoyable. 

Decoding text is just one component of the ability to be a proficient reader. We need comprehension as well. However, if students cannot master decoding fluently, they will not be able to work on comprehending efficiently. With explicit instruction in advanced phonemic and phonological awareness, syllable division, and morphology, we can help bridge that instructional gap and provide students with what they need to guide them towards becoming competent and confident readers who actually want to read once they cross the bridge from the lower elementary grades to the upper elementary grades. One best practice at a time, and we CAN appropriately support and motivate these transitional readers.

The Cinquain: A Must-Have Writing Tool

If you’re looking for a writing tool that targets parts of speech practice and has a clear line from start to finish with a basic structure that allows room for plenty of creative expression, you might want to consider bringing the cinquain to class.

There are many types of cinquains, but the one I focus on with my students is the didactic cinquain. It is a simple cinquain that has five lines and uses word count rather than syllable count to compose each line.

The structure looks like this:

Line 1: What is your topic? Write it as a single noun.

Line 2: Describe the noun from Line 1 using two adjectives.

Line 3: Write down three action verbs that relate to the noun from Line 1.

Line 4: In four words, put down your thoughts or feelings about the noun from Line 1.

Line 5: What is a synonym for the noun from Line 1? 

EXAMPLE 1:

snowstorm

fluffy, white

flurrying, falling, accumulating

warm and cozy inside

blizzard

EXAMPLE 2:

soup

hot, delicious

steaming, stirring, sipping

perfect cold weather meal

minestrone

EXAMPLE 3:

excavator

big, powerful

scooping, digging, shaping

moving across the land

construction truck


Why I Love Them

Using this type of cinquain has many benefits for both the reluctant AND adventurous writer.

  1. The cinquain lends itself well to warm up writing exercises and getting those creative juices flowing.

  2. The cinquain isn’t too intimidating. (We know that can’t be said of all poetry!) The cinquain provides structure, and with only 5 lines, completion is near in sight. Students can see the finish line.

  3. Writing a cinquain encourages students — regardless of ability — to practice using appropriate and descriptive nouns, adjectives, verbs, and synonyms.

  4. Since cinquains are relatively short in length and can be completed in one writing period, they are the ideal confidence-boosting piece; students know when the writing period is over, they will have accomplished a completed piece of poetry.

  5. With practice, cinquain writing can be a fun and creative way to reflect and document just about anything. Consider starting a cinquain journal!

ThE list of topics to write about is endless… here are some suggestions:

  • A hobby or sport

  • A favorite food or drink

  • A holiday or celebration

  • The weather

  • A past vacation

  • A friend or family member

  • A favorite animal

  • Current mood

  • A field trip

  • Book or movie review

  • A topic in an academic content area

How to Use CINQUAINS in the Classroom

Once a formal, explicit mini-lesson on the cinquain in completed, there are many ways to incorporate them into your classroom and curriculum.

  • Writing warm up (no assigned topic)

  • Assigned topic to be used for a bulletin display

  • Writing journal for weekly cinquain entries

  • Class book on an assigned theme (holiday, field trip, season, etc…)

  • Holiday gifts for parents (as a bookmark or framed writing piece)

  • Comprehension check for content area topics

I hope this post inspires you to use cinquains with your students, and I’d love to know how it goes.

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